English Civil War

The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of conflicts between the Royalists, supporting King Charles I, and the Parliamentarians, led by figures such as Oliver Cromwell. The war stemmed from disputes over political power, religion, and the authority of the monarchy versus Parliament. Major battles, including Edgehill, Marston Moor, and Naseby, shaped the course of the conflict. Ultimately, the Parliamentarians triumphed, leading to the trial and execution of Charles I and the establishment of the Commonwealth under Cromwell. The war transformed England’s political landscape, paving the way for constitutional monarchy and reshaping ideas of governance and civil liberty.